2002 Celebration
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2002 Celebration |
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California Programs Bay Area Hispano Institute for Advancement Inc Program DescriptionsBay Area Hispano Institute for Advancement, Inc. Contact: Beatriz Leyva-Cutler The Bay Area Hispano Institute for Advancement, Inc. (BAHIA) provides quality bilingual child development services that promote children’s self-image and enhance their feelings for cultural diversity while enriching their bilingual language development. BAHIA’s philosophy is that success does not come at the expense of a child’s first or second language. Instead, language is used as a gateway to building a broader cultural sensitivity through activities that are 100 percent bilingual. This includes the hiring of bilingual staff, from youth workers to the executive director. For over 21 years BAHIA has provided child care to the Latino community, a service that remains unduplicated and in high demand in Berkeley. In 1974, Project VIDA began offering bilingual child care to Latino families whose home language was Spanish, a way to meet the cultural and language needs of the children while their parents went to school to learn English or work full time. These parents were instrumental in creating the vision of what BAHIA is today. Centro VIDA Preschool offers full-time care for 64 children, and the BAHIA School Age Program serves 65 children, offering after school-care during the regular school year and full-time care during holidays and the summer. The diverse families of BAHIA are linked by the desire to nurture bilingualism as a bridge to cross-cultural understanding. Families are seen as an integral part of children’s healthy and positive development, and parents are encouraged to hold down jobs, seek employment, receive training, and go to school. Both Centro VIDA and BAHIA function as important gateways for over 100 parents to access vital community resources and make connections with other families within and outside the Latino community.
Bienvenidos Family Service Contact: Founded in 1986, Bienvenidos Children’s Center (BCC) is a private, nonprofit California public benefits charity. BCC began providing services to children and families and now has three operating divisions: a shelter nursery, foster care, and family services. The Bienvenidos Family Services (BFS) program provides services to families who are at risk of having their children placed into the system or for those who need assistance reunifying with their children. BFS strives to create a world where children flourish and families thrive. Its mission is to ensure the safety and well-being of children by strengthening the ability of their families to support and encourage their children’s healthy development. Many Latino families and their children come to BFS with enormous need. Family stress is often compounded by poverty, homelessness, or crowded living conditions. In addition, families struggle with substance abuse, unemployment, underemployment, inadequate job skills, and language barriers. Of the 1,200 families who come to BFS for assistance, the majority have a commitment to improving the quality of their lives and those of their children. BFS uses two core service strategies to assist families: in-home support services and center-based services. The in-home support services involve a team of a paraprofessional and a supervisor who provides intense support and assistance to the families as they stabilizes. Parents learn to better nurture and care for their children, alleviate or eliminate stresses in their lives, and advocate and access the resources they and their children need. At the Family Support Center, services such as a drop-in center, case management, family nurturing programs, respite for children and their families, crisis intervention, youth groups, mother-father reading groups, interactive parenting classes, and self-help groups are available for families. Emergency housing, a food pantry, clothing distribution, job and educational placement services, and referrals and transportation services are also available. Special services include the following:
Contact The mission of the Cities in Schools/KMEX-TV/Univision Mentoring Initiative is to address help Latino high school students develop job skills by cultivating a sound foundation, both personally and professionally, in order to provide participants’ the means to succeed. Established in 1977, Cities in Schools, Inc. (CIS) coordinates resources and delivers services nationwide at public schools, reaching more than 190,000 at-risk children, youth, and their families. The 116 local and 12 state affiliates work at 904 school sites, in 261 communities in 28 states. A partnership between Cities in Schools and KMEX-TV/Univision, initiated in October 1995, gave birth to the idea of a mentoring program for Latino youth. The Mentoring Initiative is a nine-month program that prepares students for the job market by providing them with a mentor who can guide them as they work to obtain their professional goals. Students meet one-on-one with KMEX-TV station executives in all areas of production and operations. The students’ mentoring experience and exposure to professionals are supplemented by workshops that focus on the television industry and higher education. The initiative serves Latino students ages 14 to 18 from Morningside High School in Inglewood, Calif., and San Fernando High School in the San Fernando Valley. Together, CIS and KMEX-TV help youth prepare for higher education and the job market through the knowledge and self-confidence acquired during their mentoring relationship.
Clínicas de Salud del Pueblo, Inc. Vivian Pérez Since 1995, Clínicas de Salud del Pueblo has worked to improve the health of Latino children through increasing vaccination rates in local communities, providing health education to Latino parents, and helping them find a “medical home” for their children. By connecting parents to linguistically and culturally competent pediatric care at various clinic sites, the program strives to increase Latino access to preventative and primary care. Its mission is to immunize 90 percent of the children of Imperial County, California, by 2000. In order to effectively reach Latino parents, outreach is conducted in both English and Spanish. Staff must be able to respond to the cultural and linguistic needs of the county, which is 67 percent Latino. The program ensures this by employing staff who have grown up in the communities they serve, and who are peers of the residents they provide care to. The program collaborates with private businesses, along with support from city and county government officials, to provide immunizations for the children in the community at an affordable rate. Advertisements for the immunization drives are placed in both Spanish- and English-language newspapers and radio stations. Fliers are sent to day care centers and posted in grocery stores, drug stores, video stores, and other community gathering places. A 1996 survey indicated that 43 percent of the county’s toddlers were behind on their immunizations, leaving them vulnerable to potentially fatal childhood diseases such as measles, whooping cough, and Hib meningitis. In 1990 and 1991, many California children were seriously impacted by measles epidemics; in 1993, 1995, and 1996, a series of whooping cough outbreaks struck, devastating the same population. Finally, Clínicas de Salud del Pueblo joined with McDonald’s, Imperial County Rotary clubs, concerned businesses, government and community organizations, and the Imperial County Board of Supervisors in an organized effort to improve immunization levels through the establishment of a countywide infant immunization week and toddler immunization month. For the first year of the resolution’s implementation, Clínicas partnered with McDonald’s to hand out food coupons and $5 immunizations to area families, resulting in a dramatic increase in the children who received immunizations. There were 2,567 children immunized in the second quarter of 1997, compared to 468 during the fourth quarter of 1996—an increase of 549 percent.
Contact The California Child Care Initiative was created in 1985 by the California Child Care Resource and Referral Network to address the shortage of licensed quality child care in California communities. Developed by Bank America Foundation and funded by a statewide and local public-private partnership, the program is designed to recruit and train family day care providers to help meet the great demand for child care services. In the early 1990s the increasingly multiethnic composition of California made it clear that the initiative needed to expand to address the special needs of the Latino population. To this end, the referral network developed a pilot of El Comienzo to test its adaptability to the needs of Spanish-speaking family day care providers and the families they serve. Next the program developed a “train-the-trainer” component that is supported by an integrated set of Spanish-language training materials called E1 Comienzo and Esto Es Familiar, as well as supplemental materials. In California, the initiative funds local resource and referral agencies to assess child care needs in their communities, and to design and implement recruitment campaigns for providers to become licensed. It has developed training materials for these agencies that are linguistically and culturally appropriate; designed program strategies to overcome institutional barriers to licensed child care supply in Latino communities; and developed a network of child care, government, nonprofit, and Latino service agencies to bring policy makers’ attention and funding to the needs of the Latino community. It is also working to develop leadership and training skills among Latino staff who implement local projects.
Contact Escuela de La Raza Unida is located in a rural community in the middle of the Palo Verde Valley; more than half of the valley’s population of 22,000 is Latino. The community’s economy hinges on a low-wage agriculture and highly paid state prison industry. Although more than half of the public school system’s students are Latino, less than 5 percent of teachers and administrators are Latino or people of color. The school, which is open to the community on a first-come, first-served basis, offers students culturally sensitive academic instruction centering on reading, writing, and math. Communication is conducted mainly in English, but the use of Spanish is always encouraged. The curriculum is designed to foster cultural and linguistic pride in students’ heritage. One way this is accomplished is through KERU-FM, a 250-watt bilingual educational radio station owned and operated by the school. Students, parents, staff, and volunteers operate the station, which provides 4 hours of English and 20 hours of Spanish programming daily. The school and the family to work together to maximize each student’s chance for success if they choose to return to public school. The school’s philosophy is that increased personal attention can make the difference between academic success and failure. With only seven or eight students per classroom, teachers can see the impact they have on children’s academics and behavior, and maintain close contact with students’ parents.
Garfield Early Learning Center Contact: Menlo Park, CA 94025 The Garfield Early Learning Center provides a high-quality bilingual educational and care environment to families in Redwood City, California. The program provides both preschool and school-age services to working families in the community, many of whom have recently immigrated from Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala. Its goal is to provide affordable, high-quality child care in a stable and nurturing environment, offering working families a sound foundation for lifelong development and success. The program is unique in its efforts to not only support children’s growth by providing an engaging environment that fosters a lifelong love of learning, but to recognize and support the substantial role families play in their children’s lives. The program requires that families participate, to the extent that they can, in activities ranging from being part of a classroom team involved in daily activities, to assisting with campus beautification projects, to serving on the parent advisory council. The center has also forged partnerships within the community to provide adult classes in English and computers, family therapy, and evening workshops in family literacy, child development, nutrition, gang prevention, child abuse prevention, and children and the media. A majority of the staff come from the community, and they are a vital link between working parents and their children. They strive to maintain a mutually respectful relationship with the families in which they are seen as both educational resources for the parents and cherished friends caring for their children. Children at the center come from an impoverished neighborhood—and often from illiterate families—and are at a heightened risk of school failure with the real possibility of devastating lifelong implications. The program understands this and is committed to meeting children’s needs by setting high expectations but also making available every necessary resource and tool that will enable them to achieve their goals. Every aspect of the program is bilingual, and the center strives to provide a culturally sensitive environment in which families and children can feel secure in their identity and history, and acquire a sense of belonging in the community.
Contact During the 1989–91 measles epidemic, more than 50 children under the age of five died in California. The local ABC affiliate, ABC 7, decided to do more than just report on the epidemic. In 1990 Children Now, ABC 7, and the Los Angeles chapter of the American Red Cross began a partnership that evolved into the establishment of Kids Care Fair. Today, Kids Care Fair implements multiple strategies to meet immediate and long-term health needs. In order to raise public awareness and inspire community action, the program conducts a year-round media campaign featuring mini-documentaries on children’s health. These Health Tips for Kids incorporate material on the importance of immunizations, home safety, lead poisoning prevention, water safety, and other issues, and additional news features and public service announcements are carried by television and radio stations. Additional outreach is conducted through Spanish-language and other culturally focused media. A toll-free hotline offers information in four languages, including Spanish. In addition, the program offers community-based events—or large-scale health fairs—over a three-day period at clinics, community centers, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, and Red Cross service centers. All materials are bilingual, and bilingual volunteers guide individual families through the services offered at the fair. Volunteer medical staff assess children’s needs at health stations focused on height and weight, blood pressure, vision, dental care, audiology, and immunizations. Necessary inoculations are identified and administered with vaccines provided by the county health departments. A Kids Safety Center educates children and parents to prevent home and play-related accidents and teaches earthquake preparedness, while a Resource Center provides bilingual information and referrals to free or low-cost health centers. Volunteer health care professionals review screening results with parents, and referrals are made to appropriate community providers. Information regarding the Child Health & Disability Prevention Program, the Infants & Children Program, and Medi-Cal helps families access these resources. Letters and personal phone calls provide follow-up for children whose screening results are outside normal ranges. Families also receive immunization postcards to remind them about future inoculations. La Clase Mágica Contact: Participants, grouped according to their age and skills, engage in a series of activities that draw on learners’ cultural and linguistic background, making it possible for them to use existing knowledge to problem-solve, make decisions, and set goals. La Clase Mágica, the first component to be developed, operates during the “critical” hours from the time children leave school until their parents come from work. Assisted by undergraduates from the University of California at San Diego, children ages 5 to 12 do computer and telecommunication activities supported by bilingual-bicultural materials. Computer games and online chats provide an opportunity to practice many school-related skills, including literacy, math, and science. Mi Clase Mágica, tailored for children ages 3 and 4, uses a structure similar to La Clase Mágica in order to introduce preschoolers to letters, numbers, and geometric figures. The Wizard Assistant Club serves children ages 12 to 17, who help run the site sessions for La Clase Mágica, orient newcomers at the beginning of each quarter, and act as project ambassadors at conferences, community meetings, and university courses. High-end activities help children learn about constructing Web sites and publications, as well as Internet use. One study showed that participants became more interested in school-related activities; their grades also improved and their self-confidence increased. In addition, parents and community representatives of the program have increasingly taken responsibility for operating the site, relegating the university personnel to the role of consultants rather than project leaders. In practice, research, and theory, La Clase Mágica is a true example of the types of holistic efforts required to serve a diverse population with a diverse vision of the future.
Contact: La Posada is a housing project designed to offer single teenage mothers and their children a supportive and nurturing environment. A project of New Economics for Women, La Posada is a 60-unit complex that was transformed from an abandoned hotel to a $4.5 million safe haven for homeless mothers and their children. The complex is in a predominately Latino community in a destitute neighborhood three miles west of downtown Los Angeles. La Posada’s primary goal is to break the cycle of poverty for adolescent and postadolescent mothers by removing or reducing the social or economic barriers to getting a job and completing school. Most of the participants lack the job skills, financial resources, and family support they need to succeed; 50 percent who come to the program are homeless, 75 percent have monthly incomes of $500 and under, and 25 percent have monthly incomes of $500 to $1,000. The five-year-old project offers participants the opportunity to transition from welfare dependency to economic self-sufficiency, and from dependent living to independent living. By providing a host of intensive on-site intervention workshops, referrals, and support services, the project helps young mothers on the road to self-reliance. La Posada also promotes a family environment by facilitating a communal dining area where all program participants and their children take part in three square meals a day. The program is unique in the way it addresses the teen mothers as responsible adults. They are held accountable for their actions and put in situations where they make decisions that have a very real impact on their lives. Residents of La Posada must participate in three phases of the program, each of which lasts six to eight months, to successfully To date, 100 percent of participants have established at least three personal or family objectives and timetables; before they complete the program or shortly thereafter, half of participants have achieved 75 percent of their objectives. Half of the residents who were not high school graduates upon entering will complete high school or a GED within 12 to 15 months of beginning the program; half of the residents exiting La Posada have completed a vocational training program or enrolled in a program and completed it within 6 months of leaving La Posada. Finally, half of these have been employed at least 20 hours a week within six months of leaving the program.
Contact: Latino Health Access is a nonprofit whose mission is to assist in improving the quality of life and health of uninsured, underserved people through quality preventive services and educational programs that emphasize responsibility and full participation in decisions affecting health. The organization was formed in 1993 after a community assessment of Latino health in Orange County, California, revealed a profound need for health education. Those engaged in the study formed the board of directors and founded the organization, which today serves the poorest of the working poor in the county. In central Santa Ana, the median family income is $17,000 per year, and in some areas living space per person averages 199 square feet; 100 percent of Latino Health Access’s clients are below the poverty level. Finally, the area is 73 percent Latino and has the youngest population of any city in the state (99 percent under the age of 45). Wellness Village 92701 is the youth component of the Healthy Cities project, a program formed in 1999 that strengthens families and promotes community wellness by providing ways for community residents to participate in projects that generate hope and develop self-sufficiency skills. Youth coordinate with adults to address health and wellness, with a focus on mental health, in central Santa Ana. In the Wellness Village component, youth promotores work with their peers on community organizing, health education, and leadership training. The youth coordinate activities that motivate their peers to become involved at the community level in health and wellness interventions. Youth have been trained on assessing community health, monitoring the status of a community’s health, mapping community assets, developing effective communication skills, relating to public institutions, strategic planning and organizational development, and community organizing. They are responsible for outreach to other youth, assessment of needs and assets, involvement of new recruits in programs and activities, referrals to special sessions including meetings with the clinical social worker, education of youth and parents on specific topics, and referral of families to the adult promotores. Youth work an average of 10 hours and a maximum of 20 hours a week; though this requires a time commitment, the program is designed not to interfere with school. Many of the activities are take place in the apartment complexes where youth live and work, and they are able to use abandoned lots, tennis courts, community rooms, and other venues in the complexes by working with apartment managers and adult residents. All activities are conducted in Spanish and can be translated in English, and vice versa. Current projects include a Mentoring and Tutoring Reading Club, the Skateboarding Troop, Teen Aerobics/Girl Talk, and an Academic Tutoring and Mentoring program.
Contact Los Cenzontles Mexican Arts Center began in 1989 in response to growing social problems with Latino teens, particularly the murder of a 15-year-old, Cecilia Rios, who lived in the neighborhood. The center’s mission is to use traditional Mexican culture to increase civic participation, strengthen families, and provide youth with skills and opportunities for self- and community expression. Various program components and community resources provide a support system for youth and their families. The School for the Arts, which offers over 35 classes a week in music, dance, and the arts, has an enrollment of over 250, 65 percent of whom are youth. Classes are inexpensive, and many students with few resources receive tuition discounts. Members of the poetry workshop wrote a corrido to Cecy Rios, a friend of many of the youth who gathered at the center. This song is included on the music CD Con su permiso señores, which the center’s choir—made up of students who attend the center—cut. The choir performs at holiday events and gatherings, inlcuding Diez y Seiz de Septiembre celebrations, Cinco de Mayo, Las Posadas, Dia de las Madres, fandangos, and youth dances. In addition, a cultural exchange program allows urban teens to spend time in Mexico studying folklórico arts in their cultural context.
Contact Niños “Earth” Centro’s mission is to increase the level of active participation by Latino families in finding and implementing solutions to environmental issues that affect their health and the community. The program provides families with the opportunity to develop hands-on solutions to environmental problems in their communities, from the destruction of the Santa Monica Bay to the local manufacturer emitting toxic chemicals. It also serves as an opportunity for young children to educate their parents on issues they may not be aware of or may not have had the time to consider. The program, which was started in 1994, has developed an environmental network of 60 agencies, including Head Start centers, child care centers, Boys and Girls Clubs, and YMCAs. Through these agencies, the network reaches 50,000 children per month with environmental information and a curriculum designed to create an awareness of personal and collective responsibility for protecting the environment. In the Storm Drain component of the program, a staff member visits each network agency and takes children and staff into their neighborhood to stencil the opening near storm drains with the message “Don’t Dump Here—Goes to Ocean” and a picture of a dead fish. The children take an inventory of debris they find in the storm drain and make a display board for their center. They also leave door hangers on residences throughout the neighborhood indicating that they stenciled the storm drain opening. The hanger includes a listing of environmental tips. In addition, each summer Niños “Earth” Centro begins to organize for California’s annual Coastal Clean-Up. Buses are available to network agencies so that program participants can join the clean-up at Santa Monica Beach in the Los Angeles area. Every April the program finds a location that can accommodate 1,500 people and holds a Latino Earth Day, a daylong event for the community including booths with information on environmental issues, games for children, a reptile farm, and a live shark and sea animal display. A disposable diaper component educates day care center staff and parents on the environmental consequences of using disposable diapers, resulting in a 30 percent decrease in the use of disposable diapers by families who are part of the network. The program also maintains an extensive lending library of age-appropriate materials for children in preschool through third grade, all with an environmental theme. Information developed by mainstream environmental organizations is also provided. New materials are developed in English and Spanish, and traditional positive Latino values of respect and caring are used in teaching lessons to children. Through a new grant, Community Keepers will advocate on behalf of their neighborhoods and communities to governmental agencies, businesses, and other organizations on environmental issues affecting their quality of life.
Contact: Project Amiga, which developed and offers the Para la Salud de los Niños program, addresses the social and health care issues of low-income families and the needs of at-risk young women and men and their families. It provides supportive services, job skills training, and software skills training to Latinos. Para la Salud de los Niños focuses on prenatal education and training. Provided at no cost to participants, Para la Salud provides young Latino women with information in both Spanish and English, as well as health support referrals on how to properly care for themselves during the critical first trimester of their pregnancies. Los Angeles County has the highest percent of uninsured people in California, and 5.1 percent of all births are to women under the age of 18. The Latino population has the highest birth rate in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, with 60 percent of all births. In addition, 30 percent of adults have no health insurance and must rely on word of mouth for their health information. Para la Salud is designed to address these statistics. The program consists of four two-hour sessions, offered once a week. Session topics include the importance of having a healthy baby, taking advantage of prenatal care, nutrition during pregnancy, stress during pregnancy, and drug, alcohol, and tobacco use. Children who attend the program with their mothers participate in a day care program so that their mothers can attend the workshops without interruption. The program’s mobility—sessions are offered throughout the country—and its bilingual materials and instructors, as well as the interactive design of the program, allows participants to feel comfortable with the instructors in an friendly, comfortable atmosphere.
Contact The Parent Institute for Quality Education was founded in San Diego in 1987 by Rev. Vahac Mardirosian, a seasoned educator working to improve the education process. In 1992 the program expanded to Los Angeles through a collaboration with World Vision. Dr. Mardirosian’s approach is simple: “The greatest power on earth,” he maintains, “is the love of parents for their children. The Parent Institute simply aims to harness that power and direct it toward education.” The institute’s mission is to build a strong parental involvement in a child’s education by forging a working partnership between parents and the child’s school. The institute provides training to ethnically diverse parents on how to take an active role in their children’s education. Parents are encouraged to maintain a strong relationship with their children and to support their efforts to stay in school and achieve excellence in the classroom. In the Latino community, parents are concerned about their children dropping out of school and are eager to learn how to form partnerships with the school to help their children succeed. They want to keep their children away from drugs and gangs, to help them stay in school and go to college. Parents at the institute can participate in a nine-week training course at their child’s school that helps them to help their children. In addition, relationships are formed between the parents, teachers, and the principal.
Contact The Plaza Youth Advantage Program, which is operated by the Plaza Community Center, provides a safe, loving environment for Latino teens to evaluate their values and ideas of the world around them. Saturday morning mentoring sessions and workshops foster the development of social skills and increase participants’ understanding of the issues and challenges facing them. Workshop sessions have focused on anger management, family relationships, sexuality, pregnancy prevention, AIDS, drugs and gangs, and other issues. The Plaza Youth Advantage Program was begun with minimal funding. Several years ago, the center was offering parenting support groups with concurrent children’s activities. Staff members became aware that the adolescents who accompanied their parents needed their own program to accommodate their unique developmental and social issues. Fortunately, staff at White Memorial Hospital became aware of this need and encouraged program staff to apply for a Community Challenge Grant, which focuses on the reduction of teen pregnancy in East Los Angeles. Today, with funds from this grant, youth ages 12 to 18 participate in workshops on healthy sexuality and receive the following services: mentoring, job placement, educational and cultural events, crisis intervention, and advocacy. Program staff move freely between English and Spanish and provide important role models for youth. Community outings allow staff to observe the behavior of youth in the community and redirect inappropriate responses. The program exposes youth to cultural and educational events relevant to the Latino experience, including the University of California at Los Angeles Raza Youth Conference and the East Los Angeles Leadership Council Awards Ceremony, which recognizes Latino youth leaders for their contributions to the community.
Contact La Clínica de la Raza’s Teens and Tots Program focuses on the special needs of teen parents and their children by providing comprehensive medical and social support services to the teen mother, her child, and whenever possible, the teen’s partner or other family members. La Clínica de la Raza opened Clínica Alta Vista (CAV) in 1987 after identifying a need for teen services to be provided at a site separate from adults and young children. Many of CAV’s patients are monolingual Spanish speakers and face language barriers to adequate health care services. CAV provides culturally and linguistically accessible services tailored to an urban, culturally diverse adolescent population and works to empower youth by respecting their autonomy, strengths, and values. The Teens and Tots Program addresses adolescents’ unique needs in a confidential setting, providing high-quality, comprehensive care using a multidisciplinary approach that emphasizes the cultural and socioeconomic aspects of pregnancy and parenting. The program includes health education and case management services that address issues such as prevention of future pregnancies, domestic violence, familial or personal substance abuse, acculturation difficulties, body image and eating disorders, truancy, and depression. Because professionals can provide these services at a single site, referrals among medical providers, health educators, and social work case managers can take place immediately. A family medicine physician and physician’s assistant provide medical care to both the teen and her child. A registered nurse maintains contact with the teen by scheduling a pediatric/parenting conference during the patient’s last trimester and after the birth. At these meetings, the nurse and the new mother discuss the birth process, child care techniques, and any fears or medical problems. Psychosocial case management services help ensure that the teen receives the services necessary to support her throughout her pregnancy and beyond. Whenever possible, the case manager works with the baby’s father and grandparents concerning issues affecting the teen mother, thereby strengthening the family network and providing support. A health education component helps reduce the incidence of repeat teen pregnancies. Health educators provide one-on-one visits and group classes prior to medical visits so that patients have general information and are prepared to ask questions during the visit with the medical provider. By receiving accurate information in a linguistically and culturally appropriate manner, youth are better prepared to make well-informed decisions regarding pregnancy prevention.
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